The prevalence of speech sound disorders refers to the number of children who are living with speech problems in a given time period.Įstimated prevalence rates of speech sound disorders vary greatly due to the inconsistent classifications of the disorders and the variance of ages studied. The incidence of speech sound disorders refers to the number of new cases identified in a specified period. See Speech Characteristics: Selected Populations for a brief summary of selected populations and characteristic speech problems. Procedures and approaches detailed in this page may also be appropriate for assessing and treating organic speech sound disorders. The broad term, "speech sound disorder(s)," is used throughout articulation error types and phonological error patterns within this diagnostic category are described as needed for clarity. This Practice Portal page focuses on functional speech sound disorders. See Bernthal, Bankson, and Flipsen (2017) and Peña-Brooks and Hegde (2015) for relevant discussions.
It is often difficult to cleanly differentiate between articulation and phonological disorders therefore, many researchers and clinicians prefer to use the broader term, "speech sound disorder," when referring to speech errors of unknown cause. Phonological disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, stopping, and final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound. Articulation disorders focus on errors (e.g., distortions and substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds. Historically, these disorders are referred to as articulation disorders and phonological disorders, respectively. Functional Speech Sound Disordersįunctional speech sound disorders include those related to the motor production of speech sounds and those related to the linguistic aspects of speech production. Organic speech sound disorders include those resulting from motor/neurological disorders (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria), structural abnormalities (e.g., cleft lip/palate and other structural deficits or anomalies), and sensory/perceptual disorders (e.g., hearing loss). Functional speech sound disorders are idiopathic-they have no known cause. Organic speech sound disorders result from an underlying motor/neurological, structural, or sensory/perceptual cause. Speech sound disorders can be organic or functional in nature. Speech sound disorders is an umbrella term referring to any difficulty or combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, or phonological representation of speech sounds and speech segments-including phonotactic rules governing permissible speech sound sequences in a language. A Practice Portal page on dysarthria in children will be developed in the future.
See ASHA's Practice Portal pages on Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Cleft Lip and Palate for information about speech sound problems associated with these two disorders. Information about speech sound problems related to motor/neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, and sensory/perceptual disorders (e.g., hearing loss) is not addressed in this page. The scope of this page is speech sound disorders with no known cause-historically called articulation and phonological disorders-in preschool and school-age children (ages 3–21). See the Speech Sound Disorders Evidence Map for summaries of the available research on this topic.
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